MISCELLANEOUS CLAIMS. 197 



One of the earliest of our conventions of this nature 

 was contained in the Treaty of 1818, in execution of 

 an article of the Treaty of Ghent [1815], by which 

 the United States and Great Britain stipulated to re 

 fer a certain question of indemnities to some friend 

 ly Sovereign or State. Afterward the Emperor of 

 Russia was selected as such arbitrator, and rendered 

 an award against Great Britain, in general terms, by 

 reason of which it became necessary to provide by a 

 second treaty [1822] for the appointment of a com 

 missioner and arbitrator on the part of the United 

 States, and a commissioner and arbitrator on the part 

 of Great Britain, to assemble at Washington and as 

 sess damages under the umpirage of the Minister of 

 the mediating Power accredited to the United States. 

 This example is curious and instructive, seeing that 

 the debtor Government, so to speak, Great Britain, 

 in order to give effect to its engagement at Ghent 

 entered into three successive international compacts 

 with the United States, one to appoint an arbiter, 

 another to name him, and a third to give effect to his 

 award. There could be no better illustration of the 

 moral force of treaties of arbitration in the estimation 

 of modern States. 



TENDENCY OF REASON AND JUSTICE TO PREVAIL OVER 



FORCE. 



These many examples, it seems to me, tend to man 

 ifest the increasing desire of modern nations to ter 

 minate all their controversies, if possible, by friendly 

 means rather than by force. Where they can not 



