318 



chimneys, ventilating pipes, balconies, and clogged gutters and occa- 

 sionally even in the opening used for an overflow pipe in attic storage 

 tank. 



Copper gutters and spouts, preferably sixteen ounce, properly 

 fastened to a house and deeply grounded in the moist earth, answer the 

 purpose of a lightning rod, which mars the appearance of any build- 

 ing, and is today seldom used, as it is a questionable protection. 



The gutter problem is surely exasperating. Ice, dirt, and leaves 

 choke gutters and spout-heads and force water upward and sidewise 

 under shingles, tile, or slate, whence through cracks it percolates 

 inward, sometimes from a long distance, marring wall and ceiling, 

 paper and tapestry in most aggravating fashion. The ugly half circle 

 hanging gutter solves this problem, but unless of copper rusts about as 

 soon as the arris zinc-lined cypress. Crimping a leader prevents its pos- 

 sible bursting from ice. Short gutters over entrances, and a shallow, 

 turfed, stone-underdrained ditch with a few spout-heads where val- 

 ley rivulets clash will help to keep inviolate and attractive roof con- 

 tours the architect's sacrificial altar and most sacred fetich and is 

 a fairly satisfactory solution of a serious question. 



Chimneys and Fireplaces. 



It is difficult to realize that the chimney, a roof-tree's crowning 

 glory, was unknown in Rome before the Fourteenth Century and 

 for hundreds of years in England the louvre or roof opening was 

 its only substitute. 



Grouped or big stacked chimneys are most satisfactory, and the 

 tall, slim, solitary spindle should be fattened to harmonize with a 

 massive structure, in fact, the ordinary house or bungalow is often 

 improved by a stout chimney. 



Chimneys should be built of hard brick with preferably an 

 eight-inch wall, or, better still, two four inch walls iron-tied, and 

 with a two inch air space and ample ventilating flues, all fire flues 

 being tile lined and tile collar joints plastered and set with cement. 

 The crane, if one is to be used, can be built in the fireplace while the 

 chimney is in course of construction. Cement covered chimneys, and 

 occasionally brick, are apt to show lime efflorescence, especially in 

 the spring removable by a diluted acid bath. Stone or terra cotta 

 combined with common or finished brick is as a rule very satisfactory. 

 A scaling cement chimney is a blot both on the landscape and the 

 builder's escutcheon. Chimneys built above the ridge with cut 

 broken ashler or rubble stone, as architectural license may allow, 

 require special care in flashing. 



The best sand is sharp and gritty, its face unsmoothed by action 

 of the sea or running water, and should not contain much salt. 



Chimneys draw better with flue lining of round rather than 

 square tile, as evidenced by experiments in certain industries requir- 

 ing enormous heat. Foundations should be carried to bed rock if 



