HEATING 323 



job. If properly back-aired four inch soil pipes with fresh air inlet 

 at ground surface extend from cesspool pipe connection well above 

 ridge tree, avoiding all window openings: they are satisfactory venti- 

 lators. Better uptake draft is secured by placing them next to the 

 hot water pipes. Stacks must be perpendicular. 



Banish the set basin in or near sleeping rooms. Inlet water 

 pipes of one and a half inches allow ample supply for one line fix- 

 tures, even when all are used at the same time, and two inch outlets 

 add but little expense and decrease liability to stoppage. 



An air chamber at the end of the highest pipe line, or even in 

 the cellar, to cushion the back-kick of quickly shut-off water pre- 

 vents many an annoying leak, and with high water pressure is almost 

 a necessity. 



Side wall instead of floor connection for set basins makes the 

 best job. 



Expensive re-nickeling of fixtures is saved by rubbing them 

 bright, then covering with tried-out unsalted tallow when houses are 

 closed. 



Plumbing spells common sense, and a layman can easily master 

 its seeming intricacies. 



Heating. 



If the system of heating is hot water, an open expansion tank 

 is a complete safety valve, frozen and leaking pipes, especially in far 

 away rooms or through neglect of careless servants, being the only 

 possible objections, except extra expense of installation over that of 

 steam, which if used should be the safe low-pressure system. Ham- 

 mer noises are readily controlled by low pipe connection. Steam 

 pipes placed close enough to wood and paper to char them favor con- 

 ditions that, fed with sufficient oxygen, may result in spontaneous 

 combustion, in spite of the contrary opinion held by many, and is 

 not worth the risk. 



If one is using a hot air heating plant or indirect radiation, heat 

 can be economized in windy weather by feeding air to the furnace 

 through a register near the front door sill. This furnishes semi- 

 heated air, and is of course in addition to the regular cold air box, 

 which, to give best results, should face at least three points of the 

 compass. It took two fires to convince me that cold air boxes should 

 be metal rather than wood. 



Over heating a hot air furnace is prevented by permanently 

 fastening one register open, preferably in the hall. Carelessly con- 

 nected pipes at the furnace mean danger of breathing sulphurous 

 oxide or monoxide gas, even five per cent, of carbon dioxide, the 

 choke or black damp of the mine, endangering health, if not life. 



Heating economy calls for boiler and fire box larger than the 

 cubic feet of the area to be heated figure. To cover all require- 

 ments, there are boilers that admit of additional sections being added. 



