CONTENTS xi 

 CHAPTER VIII. 



ART. PACK 



63. Pipe Flow . . . . . . 194 



64. Formulae for Pipe Flow Rational and Empirical . . . . . . 198 



65. Accuracy of Determination of velocity. . . . . . . . . . . . 209 



66. Friction with Fluids other than Water .. .. 210 



67. Mean Velocity and Distribution of Velocity in Pipe . . . . 211 

 67a. Admixture of Adjacent Layers of Fluid ..215 



68. Measurement of Discharge Pitot Tubes .... 217 



69. Relation between Diameter and Discharge . . 221 



70. Initiation and Stoppage of Motion in a Pipe Gradual and Sudden 



Water Hammer . . . . , . 222 



CHAPTER IX. 



71. Pipe Line Losses Hydraulic Gradient .. .... .. .. 246 



72. Losses at Valves Bends Elbows Tees, etc. 248 



73. Flow in Long Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 



74. Time of Discharge through Long Pipe Line . . . . . . . . . 261 



75. Equivalent Diameter of Uniform Main . . . . . . . . 262 



76. Branch Mains .. .. 263 



77. Multiple Supply . . . . 265 



78. Flow along a Bye-Pass . . . . . . . . . . 266 



79. Pipes Coupled in Parallel . . . . .267 



80. Uniform Main, Discharge Diminishing with Length . . . . . . 268 



81. Distribution Systems Pipe Line Accessories .. .. 9fifl 



82. Syphons . . . . 273 



83. Inverted Syphons . . . . 278 



84. Flow through Nozzle at end of Pipe Line Maximum Delivery of Energy 278 



CHAPTER X. 



85. Flow in an Open Channel 289 



86. Critical Velocity in Open Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 



87. Most suitable Form of Channel 298 



88. General Equation of Flow in an Open Channel . . . . . . . . 307 



89. Non-uniform Flow 311 



90. Channel with Horizontal Bed . . 325 



91. Effect of Bridge Piers, etc. .. ..326 



92. Radial Flow over Horizontal Bed . . . . 327 



93. Change of Level produced by Passage of Boat through Canal . . . . 328 

 93a. Interaction between Passing Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 



94. Flow around River Bends . . . . . . . . . . 330 



94a. Loss of Head at Bends in Open Channel . . . . . . 331 



95. Distribution of Velocity in an Open Channel . . . . . . . . . . 332 



96. Distribution of Velocity along a Vertical . . . . . , . . 339 



97. Erosion of Channels . . . . , . . . 343 



98. Gauging of Flow in Rivers or Open Channels . . . . . . . 346 



99. Current Meters 350 



