90 THE GRIQUA TOWN SERIES 



Griqua Town beds on Mount Carmel, one of which was 

 called Eamaje's Kop and described by Stow, 1 who 

 thought the disturbances were due to earth-movements 

 of the kind that produce mountains, but the thin belt 

 of rock to which the contortions are confined and the 

 geology of the neighbourhood give conclusive evidence 

 against this view. In several places the bent strata are 

 seen to lie in hollows in the limestone caused by the re- 

 moval of a part of the latter; that this removal was 

 not entirely due to denudation in early Griqua Town 

 times is very probable, because the Griqua Town 

 beds are lying in positions that are quite incom- 

 patible with the view that they were deposited in 

 hollows thus formed, for the uniformly thin beds in- 

 volved in the folds show no thickening towards the 

 hollows below, but were evidently bent after their de- 

 position on a level floor. There is no way of avoiding 

 the conclusion that the hollows were produced by solu- 

 tion of the limestone, a rock that is much more easily 

 dissolved than the overlying siliceous and ferruginous 

 beds, and that the latter collapsed into the cavities thus 

 formed. There seem to have been two stages in this 

 process, one in which the Griqua Town beds filled the 

 hollows without being broken but by bending readily, 

 and a second in which they broke up, the fragments 

 falling into the cavities, which were at the same time 

 being filled with oxide of iron, chiefly haematite, de- 

 rived from the overlying ferruginous strata. In addition 

 to the iron oxide, silica forms part of the matrix in such 

 cases. In Eamaje's Kop and the neighbouring outliers 



1 Q. J. G. S., 1874, 665 ; see also G. G., xi., 36. 



