236 THE INDIAN GLACIAL BEDS 



followed by the Productus limestones characterised by 

 the abundance of individuals and species of that genus. 

 Near Srinagar in Kashmir 1 three typical genera of the 

 Glossopteris flora, Gangamopteris, Psygmophyllum, and 

 Cordaites (Noeggerathiopsis), lie conformably below beds, 

 called the Zewan stage, which contain Protoretcpora 

 ampla and Productus cor a. 



The bearing of the evidence from India on the precise 

 horizon of the glacial beds and the Glossopteris flora is 

 a matter of dispute, for there are differences of opinion 

 as to the age of the marine beds themselves. The 

 opinion of the Indian Survey is that the marine beds 

 concerned are of Upper Carboniferous age, while 

 Koken 2 and Freeh 3 place them in the Permian. The 

 occurrence of Mesosaurus in the Upper Dwyka shales 

 is evidence in favour of the Permian age of these beds, 4 

 because reptiles in Europe and North America are first 

 met with in the Permian. Thus there is no definite 

 evidence as to the age of the Dwyka tillite; it may 

 belong either to the Upper Carboniferous or to the 

 Lower Permian. 



In the South American region strata which closely 

 resemble those of the Karroo formation occur in Southern 

 Brazil, the Argentine and the Falkland Islands. In 



1 Hayden, H. H., " The Stratigraphical Position of the Gangamopteris 

 Beds in Kashmir," Eec. Geol. Surv. Ind., xxxvi., pp. 23-39, 1907 ; Seward, 

 A. C., " Permo-Carboniferous Plants from Kashmir," ibid., pp. 57-61. 



2 Koken, E., N. J. f. Min., etc., Festband, 1907, p. 446. 



3 Freeh, F., Lethaea Geognostica, ii., fig. 4, 1902, p. 590 (quoted from 

 D. White's Report). 



4 Broom, R., " Classification of the Karroo System," in Addresses and 

 Papers read at the joint meeting of the British and South African A. A. S., 

 Johannesburg, 1905, vol. ii., p. 38. 



