58 SOCIAL EVOLUTION 



tir>t important discovery of tin- existence of an 

 early example of mankind differin- markedly t'nnn any 

 livinir and of a decidedly lower type, was made in 1H57 

 when part of a skull was found in a cave near Diissel- 

 dorf, Germany. The bones consisted of the UPPT por- 

 tion of a cranium, remarkable for its flat retreating 

 curve, tin* upper arm and thigh bones, a shoulder blade 

 and r<!lar hone, and rib fragments. 20 Figures 17 and 18 

 show the ireneral contour of this Neanderthal skull. 

 There was at first some difference of opinion as to its au- 

 thenticity. Some naturalists maintained that it was a 

 pathological specimen. But its normal character has 

 since been fully demonstrated. Huxley conceived the 

 Neanderthal man as short of stature hut powerfully built, 

 with strong, curiously curve* 1 thi.Lrh hones so constructed 

 that the man must have walked with bended knees, po&v 

 sessing heavy brow ridges, heavy brutal jaw with re- 

 ceding chin. The artist's conception of the Neanderthal 

 man is shown in the figures. 21 Although the Neanderthal 

 man was of the small stature of 5 feet 3 l / 2 inches, he was 

 probably a mighty hunter, able to contend with the 

 rudest weapons against the rhinoceros, mammoth, cave 

 bear, and other beasts. Since the discovery of this skull 

 near Diisseldorf, other specimens of the same general 

 type have come to li.irht, >ery'mir to indicate how wide 

 spread was the Neanderthal race of men. In 1860, part 

 of a jaw quite different from the typical jaw of to-day 

 was found at La Naulette, Belgium ; and in 1886, at Spy, 

 Belgium, specimens were discovered in which the Nean- 

 derthal type of cranium was associated with the Naulette 



.'ane, op. fit., j.j.. :r, :;i. 1 I.V146. 

 = 1 See Fronti-j'i-n- :m<l figure ?*V 



