J8O I ATlnN 



objects or occurrences. For example, if one should at- 

 tempt to descend from a hill by a steep and slippery 

 path and should slip and fall, tin* natural !!.. M to re- 

 gain one's balance would illustrate what ml by a 



I action, and the ft ited by the sur- 



i tln fall. |)i i r Bocon irauli 



.::! emotions, "ducts of response. 



re products not only of the activity of 

 \idnal IP r\ oils system, but also in great measure of 

 a-ti\ities of otht-r animal.- individuals. In tin* instance 

 Lii\en. th. j'a.-t of i one's balance would be the pri- 

 mary stimulus which produced the sensation of surprise 

 and the reflex action of attempting to regain balance, 

 tthrivas if thr in.livi.lual sliould attain pass that way 

 he would t-nd to n-tain a di-tin.-t impression of the con- 

 sequences of follouiiiLT tl . p path and this would 



him to descend from the hill by another path. H< n 

 the unpleasant id. a of tin* fall was a secondary or de- 

 rived stimulus \vhi.-h caused a reaction in the form of 



; down the hill by another way | process of 



stimulation and respons.-, r-lati\-ly simple with the iso- 

 lat.-d indixidual, becomes exceed inirly complicated in 

 lations. Where individuals live in groups, fel- 

 low beings become the sources of primary stimuli, and 

 even the ideas of companions, especially if . -\pn-s>ed by 

 sign or language, form an increasingly important source 

 of secondary stimuli. "The ultimate motive of volun- 

 tary aetivity, both mental and muscular, is the persistent 



< of consciousness to be clear and painless, and. if 

 possible, pleasurable. iousness is intolerant of 



obscurity, perplexity, obstruction, and sulTeriuir." It 

 then Hows that consciousness endeavors to attain 



pp. I85.1M. 



