8<>< I \L ;i>m 177 



efforts to satisfy the need t) -met could not 



It is the method of rude experiment and 

 * \\hieh produce^ n-j pain, loss, and 



iiitment. "Tin* earliest efforts of men were of 

 kind. Need was the impelling force. Plea 

 and pain, on the one side and the other, were the 

 rude constraints whieh defined the line on whieh efforts 

 nin-t proceed. ii>h between pleas- 



ure and tin- nl> p->ehienl power which is to be 



assumed. Thus ways of doing things were sele 

 which were exp- They answered the purpose bet- 



ways, or with less toil ami pain. Along 

 the course whieh efforts were compelled to go, hahit, 

 routine. and skill were developed. The struggle to main- 

 tain existence was earri.-.l on iiHlividnally hut in groups. 

 .1 h\ tli,- experience; hence there 



was towards that which proved to be most 



expedient. All, at la-t. adopted the same way for 

 purpose; ii.-ij.-e ways turned into customs and 

 became mass phenmiM-na. Instincts were developed in 

 ronneetion with them. In this way folkways arise. The 

 youni: learn them l.y tradition, imitation, and authority. 

 The folkways, at a time, j for all the needs of life 



then and t re uniform, universal in the 



;<, imperat; :Me. As time goes on, the 



folkways become more and more arbitrary, positive, and 

 imperative. If asked why they act in a certain way in 



tin cases, primitive people always answer that it is 

 because they and thoir ancestors always have done so. 

 A sanction also arises from ghost fear. The ghosts 

 would be angry if the living should change the ancient 

 folkways," 1 



8e Appendix I. 'Stunner W O. folfriraira 10*. pp, . 



