282 SOCIAL EVOLUTION 



men who loved war with its turmoil and bloodshed ,-md 

 who ruled with an iron hand over slave and family alike. 

 These dominating males, as warriors, priests, and 

 judges, were the heads of powerful families and groups, 

 owning slaves, flocks and herds, and wide areas of graz- 

 ing-lands." ll The industry developed under these new 

 conditions, diverted attention from war, and marriage 

 by purchase gradually succeeded marriage by capture. 

 This new form of marriage gave the husband even greater 

 authority over the wife than he secured by capture, sim 

 his right to the purchased wife cannot be denied by her 

 kinsmen. She was wholly surrendered by her kinsmen 

 and could cherish no hope of restoration to them. 12 The 

 husband's authority was further increased by religion. 

 Ordinarily the children would follow the totem of the 

 mother, but if the totems of the two parents were hostile. 

 confusion resulted. Hence there developed the system 

 of adopting the captured or purchased wife into the clan 

 and totem of the husband. In this way the children be- 

 came in every sense the kindred of the father. McLen- 

 nan has described a transition of this sort among the 

 (luinea negroes. The chief's principal wife and her chil- 

 dren must be of the clan and totem of her kinsmen by 

 blood, but the husband often purchases a slave or a 

 friendless girl and by consecrating her to his bossum, or 

 god, he makes her of his kin and faith. The bossum wife 

 and her children are under the husband's control, and it 

 is the bossum wife who is sacrificed at the chief's death, 

 that her spirit may follow his. 13 By means of these dif- 

 ferent usages the father's power was finally established 

 over his small community. 



11 Dealey, op. cit., pp. 24-25. 



12 Giddings, op. tit. 



" McLennan, The Patriarchal Theory, pp. 235-236. 



