214 



MOVEMENTS AND DEFORMATIONS 



during earthquakes, especially where the surface material is inco- 

 herent. This was the case during the Charleston earthquake of 

 I886, 1 and similar effects have been noted elsewhere. The basins 



are commonly sup- 

 posed to be the 

 result of the col- 

 lapse of caverns, 

 or other subterra- 

 nean openings, the 

 collapse causing 

 the forcible ejec- 

 tion of water in 

 some cases. Sand 

 cones and crater- 

 lets are developed 

 by some earth- 

 quakes (Fig. 216). 

 During the Cali- 



Fig. 214. Fissure produced by earthquake. Arizona. 



fornia earthquake of 1906, the ground was much broken along 

 the line of the fault which caused the shock (Fig. 217). Earth- 

 quakes may dislodge masses of rock in unstable positions, as on 

 slopes or cliffs, causing slumps and landslides. 



Fig. 215. Fault in Japan, 1891. (Koto.) 

 1 Button, Ninth Ann. Rept., U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 209-528. 



