FORMATIONS AND PHYSICAL HISTORY 431 



li-po>ih'(l partly in lagoons, marshes, and lakes, and partly in the 

 M-;I. T!u-M- .sy>trms o>nvspond, in a general way, to the Missis- 

 sippian and Pennsylvanian of North America. In the southern 

 part of the continent the Lower and Upper Carboniferous forma- 

 tions are like the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian of western 

 North America, in that both are chiefly marine. In eastern Europe 

 tlu- l,o\\cr Carboniferous is partly non-marine and coal-bearing, 

 while the Upper Carboniferous is largely marine. 



The Lower Carboniferous of western Europe is largely of lime- 

 Hie, which in Great Britain has received the name of "mountain 



V\. 376. Map showing the relations of land and water in Europe in the early 

 Carboniferous period. The shaded parts represent areas of marine deposition. 

 i After DeLapparent.) 



limestone." East of the Rhine the Lower Carboniferous limestone 

 is replaced by shale, sandstone, and even conglomerate, collectively 

 known as the Culm. This phase of the system contains coal in 

 some places. 



