I.I 1 1. 



433 



Fig. 377. KIXDERHOOK FOSSILS: a, Lcptopora placenta (\Vhite), a compound 

 rural, b, Actiiiocriims senee'im M. and ('., a distinctively Mississippian crinoid; 

 r, Di./iiieri mis hwrnalHs W. and Sp., one of the earliest crinoids with only two basal 

 plains, d-h, brachiopods: d, Spirifer biplicatits Hall, a species retaining an elon- 

 gate hinge line characteristic of the Devonian; e, Spirifcr nmrioncnsis Shum.; /, 

 Pnxlnelella pyxidata Hall, a genus which had its greatest development in the late 

 Devonian; g, Paraphorynchus slriatocostatus (M. and W.), characteristic of Lower 

 Kinderhook horizons of Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois; h, Prodnclus arcuatus Hall, a 

 genus developed from Productella, and characteristic of the Mississippian and later 

 I'aleo/oic periods; i, Grammysia hannibalcnsis (Shum.), a pelecypod; j, Per no pec ten 

 i-tioperensix (Shum.), a pelecypod characteristic of certain of the higher KinderlxMk 

 hori/ons; A-, l'l<il\ostoma broadheadi S. A. M., a capulid gastropod; /, Macrocheilus 

 bltiiri (M. and G.) ; m, Prodromites gorbyi (S. A. M.), a widely distributed cephalopod 

 and the earliest form showing secondary lobing of the sutures; n, Muenstcrotcrtis 

 oici-ni (Hall), abundant in the famous Kinderhook goniatite bed atRockford, Ind.; 

 o, Proetits ellipticus M. and VV. Trilobites were few in the Kinderhook, and this 

 OIK- illustrates their rhanu U-ristic lack of ornamentation; /, tooth of Cladodus 

 springer; St. J. and W., a shark; </, a spine of Acondylataiithus gratilis St. J. and \V. 



IThe physical conditions of the Osage epoch furnish the key to 

 the character of the Osage fauna. The extended shallow, clear sea 



