

IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES 457 



and clay-iron-stone, both of which occupy positions corresponding, 

 in essential respects, with those of similar formations in eastern 

 North America. There is workable coal in Great Britain, Ireland, 

 Belgium, France, Spain, Germany, Austria, and Russia, but the 

 total area of productive coal in Europe is much less than in America. 



In Russia, as already noted, the Lower Carboniferous (Missis- 

 si]>[)i;in) contains much coal, while the Upper is chiefly of limestone; 

 hut in southern Russia (Donetz coal-field) there is coal in the Upper 

 (Pennsylvanian) division. The Upper Carboniferous limestone of 

 Russia (Fusulina limestone) is similar to that of southern Europe. 

 The faunas of the marine part of the system in Europe have much 

 likeness to those of western North America, suggesting that marine 

 life was able to pass between these continents, via northern Asia. 



Igneous rocks are associated with the Upper Carboniferous 

 rmutions of sedimentary origin in western Europe. Their extru- 

 in seems to have been an accompaniment of the crustal disturb- 

 ces which affected western Europe in the course of this period, 

 ese movements appear to have been greatest during the Upper 

 rboniferous period (after the Westphalian epoch). 



Other continents. The Upper Carboniferous of Asia is repre- 



ted by both marine and non-marine formations. The non- 

 marine phase, with numerous beds of coal, is found in Asia Minor, 

 on the east side of the Middle Urals, and in northern and eastern 

 China, reaching to northern Tibet on the one side, and to Mongolia 

 on the other. The Carboniferous of some parts of China contains 

 coal-beds of great thickness. The system is also present in India. 



The Carboniferous formations of northern Africa are similar to 

 those of southern Europe, but in southeastern Africa, a coal basin 

 has been reported in Zambesi. 1 



The Carboniferous system is well developed in Australia where 

 it is not in all places clearly separated from the Permian. Both the 

 Carboniferous and the Permo-Carboniferous systems contain coal. 



In South A merica, rocks of Late Carboniferous age are somewhat 

 widely distributed. In southern Brazil they contain much coal. 2 

 The system is widespread in the lower part of the basin of the 

 Amazon, where it rests on older formations unconformably, and is 

 not generally coal-bearing. 



1 K;iyser, Geologische Formationskunde, p. 207. 



- White, I. C. CommissSo de Estudos das Minas de Canao de Pedra do Brazil, 

 1908. 



