AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 33 



" A." This mill, it may be of interest to know, is described in the Cen- 

 sus report previously mentioned. It uses the " hard spring icheat," which 

 Is grown in the Northwest, and its products, therefore, are typical of 

 this particular variety. 



The second partial series is from the mill of Herr & Cissel, in George- 

 town, D. 0., and the wheat used at the time the specimens were collected 

 was a mixture of Virginia " Fultz" and " Longberry." Their products 

 are illustrative, therefore, of the effect of the roller process on Virginia 

 winter wheat. 



The third partial series consists of a few specimens resulting from the 

 milling of Ohio winter wheat by Warder & Barnett, of Springfield, Ohio, 

 by the same methods as the others. 



The Minnesota samples, being more numerous, will be taken up first. 



PARTS OF THE WHEAT GRAIN IN DIFFERENT MILL PRODUCTS. 



-2001. Wheat as it enters the mill. 



The whole wheat grain mixed with cockle, oats, and other foreign seed, as it 

 comes from the thrasher. 



2002. Wheat prepared for the rolls. 



The foreign seeds have been removed with the exception of a few grains of cockle 

 and oats. The cockle is therefore to be found in subsequent parts of the 

 process. The hairs have been largely rubbed off, together with portions of 

 the cuticle. Some hairs are, however, still left, and portions of the cuticle 

 remain attached and semi-detached, especially toward the crease. The grain 

 as a whole presents a changed and much cleaner appearance. 



2003. Cockle and screenings. 



Among the foreign seeds there are found principally cockle and a species of 

 polygoiiuni and oats, together with broken pieces of wheat, dirt, chaff, &c. 



2004. Scourings removed by cleaners. 



These consist almost entirely of cuticle and hairs, but portions of epicarp, with 

 the hairs still adherent, and of endocarp are present. Treatment with iodine 

 reveals a small amount of endosperm or starch, and shows the inner part of 

 the outer coats of the grain are the most highly nitrogenous. The contrast 

 between the embryous membrane and endocarp, and the epicarp and cuticle 

 is prominent. The embryous membrane is recognized by its roundish cells ; 

 the eudocarp by its transverse cells, twice as long as broad, and packed closely 

 and regularly, like cigars, which has given it the name of cigar coat, and the 

 epicarp by its very long and irregular cells arranged longitudinally, the 

 cuticle being of a similar sort. 



2005. First break. 



The grain is split along the crease normally into two halves, but also frequently 

 into fours, or even more irregularly. The glistening, hard, floury endosperm 

 makes its appearance for the first time. Comparatively little flour or dust 

 is made. 



2006. Chop from first break. 



This consists principally of endosperm, but small portions of bran * and germ are 

 present the former, including all the various outer coats. 



* Bran is used in this description as denoting and including any part of the coats 

 of the grain. 



4443 BUL 4 



