42 AMERICAN WHEAT AND CORN. 



The tailings supplying the third break already show, owing to the 

 greater amount of chop produced on the second break, a marked in- 

 crease in those constituents which are peculiar to' the outer portions of 

 the grain, that is to say, there has been a marked increase in ash, fiber, 

 and albuminoids. This increase becomes still more apparent from break 

 to break until the bran alone is left, which contains more ash and fiber 

 than any other product of the wheat. The several chops increase in a 

 like manner, the last or sixth break chop holding more albuminoids 

 than the bran, and even any other of the resulting material. This is 

 probably due to the comminution of the bran in the last break, and 

 consequently, as will be seen, the middlings from this chop are richer 

 in nitrogen than any other, although not the richest in gluten owing to 

 the proportion of bran and germ which they contain. 



Having followed the grain through the breaks to the bran, the prod- 

 ucts of the purification of the chop remain to be studied. 



The shorts, or branny particles removed from the chop or from the 

 middlings by aspirators, contain much less fiber and ash than the bran, 

 although they are of similar origin, that is to say, from the outer coats 

 of the grain. The analyses point to their origin from those portions of 

 the coat which contain less ash and fiber. 



The middlings are graded into five classes, and in their original un- 

 cleaned state they differ chemically in the fact that from No. 1 to No. 5 

 there is a regular decrease in ash, fiber, and fat, while No. 5 is richer in 

 albuminoids than any other. This would be expected from our pre- 

 liminary examination which showed a decrease in bran from beginning 

 to end, and that No. 5 was the purest endosperm. 



After cleaning the same relations hold good, but owing to the removal 

 of the branuy particles there is in all cases a loss of ash constituents 

 and fiber. The effect of cleaning is more apparent in Nos. 1 and 2 where 

 more bran is removed. 



The reduction of the middlings on smooth rolls changes the composi- 

 tion but slightly, and the flours which originate from this process are 

 very similar to the middlings from which they were produced. That 

 from the fourth reduction is richer in nitrogen, as would also be the 

 case with the fifth, although want of a specimen prevented an analysis. 



The tailings from the middlings purifiers present the usual character- 

 istics of by-products which owe their existence to the outer part of the 

 grain with its high percentages of ash and fibre and, in this case also 

 of nitrogen. It is remarkable, however, that the tailings marked No. 6 

 contain only one-third as much ash as the others, but this is explained 

 by the fact that they are largely composed of endosperm. 



The tailings from the different reductions are nearly alike in composi- 

 tion, with two exceptions: Those from the fourth contain little ash 

 fiber and nitrogen. Like No. 6 of the purifier tailings they consist 

 largely of endosperm. Those from the second reduction contain much 

 .germ, and are therefore richer in nitrogen than the rest. 



