54 JOHN WESLEY POWELL. 



aesthetic arts and briefly outlines the evolution of each. " Evolu- 

 tion of Music from Dance to Symphony" (A. A. A. S., 1889) traces 

 the development of musical art from its origin with dancing by the 

 successive addition of melody, harmony, and symphony. 



In like manner an essay entitled "Technology, or the Science 

 of Industries " {American Anthropologist, 1899) classifies the indus- 

 trial arts, or those activities which conduce to welfare ; but the 

 lines of evolution in this field are only briefly indicated. 



Under the head of institutions are to be classed four papers, 

 "Kinship and the Tribe," "Kinship and the Clan," "Tribal Mar- 

 riage Law," and "Sociology or the Science of Institutions." 



Tribal society is organised on a basis of kinship, but the sys- 

 tem of kinship differs from that of civilisation. In a tribe the line 

 between generations is sharply drawn. Within a generation each 

 man is brother to each other man, and this without reference to 

 degrees of consanguinity. Such distinctions as we make by the 

 word cousin are ignored. The generations stand in lineal order, 

 and each male of one generation is accounted the son of each male 

 of the preceding generation and the father of each male of the fol- 

 lowing generation. In this fundamental respect tribal kinship dif- 

 fers so widely from the kinship system of our community that it is 

 not easy for us to conceive it; and in other respects it is equally 

 strange. The three essays referred to describe tribal kinship, dis- 

 tinguish its two chief varieties, and explain the kinship system of 

 he clans constituting a tribe, as well as the strange marriage sys- 

 tems which result from and serve to perpetuate the systems of kin- 

 ship. (Third Ann. Report Bureau of Ethnology, 1883.) 



Here also should be mentioned an address on the "Outlines 

 of Sociology" (Anthrop. Soc., 1882), in which the State is defined, 

 its evolution is described, and its regulative functions are classified. 



Three works fall under the head of language. The first is an 

 "Introduction to the Study of Indian Languages" (1880), and is 

 essentially a code of instructions for the collection of linguistic ma- 

 terial. A code of instructions to observers is primarily an enumera- 

 tion of the particulars as to which information is desired, or as to 

 which it is expected that information can be obtained. These par- 

 ticulars are the categories of existing generalisations on the subject, 

 together with those bearing on existing hypothesis. The full code 

 of instructions for new observation thus embodies the results of all 

 earlier observation, generalisation, and explanation. The language 

 of a people, being invented for the communication of their thoughts, 

 embodies in its vocabulary their arts, their institutions, and their 



