THE LUNG PLAGUE OF CATTLE. 87 



b > imposed. While the best results are to I>e expected from measures 

 calculated to secure the hearty good-will and co-operation of the stock- 

 owners, yet certain parties are not to be controlled 1 >y such considerations ; 

 and tor willful offenders, penalties sufficiently heavy and rigidly and 

 impartially enforced are essential conditions of success. 



SIMMARY. 



1st. Reasons for extension of the report so as to embrace history, na- 

 ture, and extinction of lung plague, as well as its present limits, and the 

 question of imports and exports: Introduction. 



2d. The designation tuny i>la</ne preferable to plcuro-pneumonia. 



:;<!. Tlie wliole history of lung plague furnishes no ground for the 

 conclusion that it arises otherwise than by contagion. 



4th. The early h ist ory of this disease shows its great extensions to have 

 been coincident with extensive wars in Central Europe, when cattle 

 were drawn from all sources, infected and uninfected, for the supply of 

 the armies in the field and constantly moving. 



5th. During the intervals of such wars the lung plague continued to 

 prevail in the unfenced mountains and forests of Central Europe, where 

 the few wandering herds had ample opportunity for mutual infection. 



6th. Into the mountains and forests of Scandinavia, and the Spanish 

 Peninsula, out of the region of the general wars, lung plague did not 

 penetrate. 



7th. In recent times the increasing demand for cattle to feed on the 

 refuse of distilleries, sugar factories, &c., in Western Europe, has led 

 to great extensions of the disease. 



8th. The British Isles, infected by imports from Holland, and infec- 

 tion kept up by the free trade act, that admitted continental cattle free 

 of duty. 



9th. Ireland, which is not an importing country, has since kept up 

 lung plague by a most mischievous activity and method in her internal 

 cattle traffic. 



10th. The outbreaks in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Schleswig 

 always traced to imported cattle and invariably stamped out. 



llth. South Africa, Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand infected 

 by imported cattle, and infection rendered permanent by the impossi- 

 bility of secluding the infected herds on the open, unfeuced pastures, 

 and by reason of the common employment of bullock wagons. 



12th. Massachusetts, infected by imported cattle, found it possible to 

 stamp out the disease, because she lay at the terminus of the American 

 cattle traffic, in place of at its source or on its channel. 



13th. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, 

 infected by imported cattle, have had the infection perpetuated by the 

 mischievous nature of the city cow-trade, and the habit of pasturing on 

 open commons and unfenced lots around the large and growing cities. 



14th. Lung plague failed to extend west and north because of the ab- 

 sence of such large cities and open pasturages, and because of the op- 

 posing current of the cattle traffic. 



l.~)th. The great profits on town dairies enable the owners to bear, 

 without ruin, the losses caused by the plague. 



16th. The risk of lossing a lucrative milk-route makes the city dairy- 

 man unwilling to acknowledge the existence of disease in his herd, and 

 this greatly hinders the extinction of the plague. 



17th. The practice of dealers in furnishing cows to city stables, receiv- 

 ing others from them, makes their sale stables hot-beds of infection. 



