INDIA WITHIN THE EMPIRE 171 



the development of an export trade, and the en- 

 couragement of inter-Imperial trade. The tariffs 

 therefore include 



(a) Duties imposed for revenue. 



(b) Duties on competitive products. 



(c) Preference secured by (i) Free List for 



goods produced within the Empire (as 

 in the tariffs of Canada and New Zealand) 

 or the United Kingdom alone (as in the 

 case of Australia) while duties are retained 

 on similar goods from foreign countries; 

 (2) remission of duty in groups (a) and (b). 



These methods operate separately or in com- 

 bination. 



The outstanding feature of these methods is 

 undoubtedly the adoption of an Empire Free List, 

 and in regard to this method the arrangement 

 between Canada and the West Indies makes a new 

 departure of great importance. In the case of 

 certain items now imported from all countries 

 free of duty, duties of not less than a certain fixed 

 amount are to be imposed when the goods enter 

 Canada from foreign countries, while freedom 

 of entry is to be maintained for goods from the 

 British West Indies and the United Kingdom. 

 It is not clear what is the position of other parts 

 of the Empire in respect of these items, but I 

 suppose it may be presumed that Canada preserves 

 full liberty of action in the matter. It has to be 

 remembered that this development of Empire 

 tariffs has proceeded at a period when the United 

 Kingdom has to take no decisive step in the direc- 

 tion of preference. In these circumstances it is 

 impossible to say what final form Empire tariffs 

 will assume, should the United Kingdom at any 

 time fall into line with what appears to approach 

 a general Empire movement. 



