210 ADVANCEMENT OP LEARNING. [BOOK V. 



Baying of Heraclitus ; viz., that men seek the sciences in 

 their own narrow worlds, and not in the wide one. 



But the idols of the market give the greatest disturbance, 

 and from a tacit agreement among mankind, with regard to 

 the imposition of words and names, insinuate themselves into 

 the understanding : for words are generally given according 

 to vulgar conception, and divide things by such differences 

 as the common people are capable of: but when a more 

 acute understanding, or a more careful observation, would 

 distinguish things better, words murmur against it. The 

 remedy of this lies in definitions; but these themselves are 

 in many respects irremediable, as consisting of words : for 

 words generate words, however men may imagine they have 

 a command over words, and can easily say they will speak 

 with the vulgar, and think with the wise. Terms of art 

 also, which prevail only among the skilful, may seem to 

 remedy the mischief, and definitions premised to arts in the 

 prudent mathematical manner, to correct the wrong accep 

 tation of words ; yet all this is insufficient to prevent the 

 seducing incantation of names in numerous respects, their 

 doing violence to the understanding, and recoiling upon it, 

 from whence they proceeded. This evil, therefore, requires a 

 new and a deeper remedy ; but these things we touch lightly 

 at present, in the mean time noting this doctrine of grand 

 confutations, or the doctrine of the native and adventitious 

 idols of the mind, for deficient. 



There is also wanting a considerable appendix to the art 

 of judgment. Aristotle indeed marks out the thing, but has 

 now icre delivered the manner of effecting it. The design is 

 10 show what demonstrations should be applied to what 

 subjects, so that this doctrine should contain the judging of 

 judgments. For Aristotle well observes, that we should not 

 require demonstrations from orators, nor persuasion from 

 mathematicians ;* so that if we err in the kind of proof, 

 judgment itself cannot be perfect. And as there are four 

 kinds of demonstration, viz., 1. by immediate consent and 

 common notions ; 2. by induction ; 3. by syllogism ; and 4. 

 by congruity, r which Aristotle justly calls demonstration in 



i Ethics, xiii. 1. 



* Analogical demonstration, or proof a latere, to which Bacon aeemi 

 to refer, consists in showing that the disputed attribute may be affinred 



