OK THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. XXVII 



in the autumn, in collecting map material in Michigan and 

 Wisconsin. He remained at Carbondale until the last of 

 December. 



GENERAL FIELD STUDIES. 

 WORK OF THE DIRECTOR. 



While engaged in making a geological reconnaissance of the 

 Tewan Mountains, the Director was enabled to study on the 

 ground a large field of archeology. This is an extensive dis 

 trict of country drained by the Chama and Jemez and other 

 tributaries of the Rio Grande del Norte. In prehistoric and 

 early historic times the region was mainly occupied by tribes 

 of the Tanoan stock. The people lived in villages, or pueblos, 

 many of which were built of the rude .stone that abounds in 

 forms and sizes adapted to such structures. The cliffs of the 

 canyons carved by the many streams that drain the mountain 

 area are often composed of volcanic tufa so soft that it can be 

 easily worked with rude stone tools, and many of the people 

 had learned to hew it into shapes convenient for architectural 

 purposes. 



Some of the tribes at different periods in their history left 

 their stone pueblos and constructed homes for themselves by 

 excavating chambers in the tufa cliffs. These cavate dwell 

 ings, now abandoned and in rains, and the ruins of many other 

 ancient dwellings are scattered throughout this entire country. 



On the northern flank of the Tewan Mountains, near the 

 River Chama and about 3 miles below Abiquiu, an exten 

 sive ruin was visited, the walls of which were constructed of 

 clay built up in a mass. The mechanical devices by which 

 they were built were not discovered, but it is evident that the 

 clay was not made into adobes. During the study of all these 

 ruins interesting archeologic collections were made, especially 

 of articles in stone and clay. 



WORK OF MR. JAMES STEVENSON. 



Mr. James Stevenson, who had accompanied the Director in 

 the above mentioned explorations, proceeded, at the beginning 

 of October, 1887, to the Pueblo of Sia, about 8 miles south 



