MTRDOCH.] DRINKING. 71 



derson Kiver and Cape Bathurst, 1 and have even been adopted by the 

 Indians of the Yukon, who learned the use of tobacco from the Eskimo. 

 They are undoubtedly of Siberian origin, as will be seen by comparing 

 the figure of a &quot;Chukch&quot; pipe in Nordenskiold s Vega, vol. 2, p. 117? 

 Fig. 7, and the figure of a Timguse pipe in Seebohm s &quot;Siberia in Asia&quot; 

 (p. 149), with the pipes figured from our collection. Moreover, the 

 method of smoking is precisely that practiced in Siberia, even to the 

 proportion of wood mixed with the tobacco. 1 



The consideration of the question whence the Siberians acquired this 

 peculiar method of smoking would lead me beyond the bounds of the 

 present work, but I can not leave the subject of pipes without calling 

 attention to the fact that Nbrdenskiold 3 has alluded to the resemblance 

 of these to the Japanese pipes. A gentleman who has spent many 

 years in China also informs me that the Chinese pipes are of a very 

 similar type and smoked in much the same way. 4 The (Jreenlanders 

 and eastern Eskimo generally, who have learned the use of tobacco 

 directly from the Europeans, use large-bowled pipes, which they smoke 

 in the ordinary manner. In talking with us the people of Point Barrow 

 call tobacco &quot; tiba &quot; or &quot; tibakl,&quot; but among themselves it is still known 

 as ta wak, which is the word found in use among them by the earliest 

 explorers. 5 &quot;Tiba&quot; was evidently learned from the American whalers, 

 as it was not in use in Dr. Simpson s time. It is merely an attempt to 

 pronounce the word tobacco, but has been adopted into the Eskimo 



1 This is an interesting fact, as it shows that the Kskhno from Demarcation Point cast learned to 

 smoke from the people of Point Barrow, and not from the English or the northern Indians, who use 

 pipes &quot; modeled after the clay pipes of the Hudson Hay Company.&quot; (Dull, Alaska, p. 81, Fig. A.) 

 They acquired the habit some time between 18!!&quot;, when T. Simpson found them ignorant of the use of 

 tobacco {see reference above, p. G5), and 1849, when they were glad to receive it from Pulli-n and Hooper. 

 (Tents, etc.. p. 258.) Petitot (Monographic, etc., ]&amp;gt;. xxvi) states that the Eskimo of the Mackenzie 

 informed him that the use of tobacco and the form of the pipe, with blue beads, labrets, and other things, 

 came through the neighbors from a distant land called &quot; Xate povik,&quot; which he supposes to mean St. 

 Michaels, but which, from the evidence of other travelers, is much more likelv to mean Siberia. 



The Eskimo geography, on which Fr. Petitot relies so strongly, is extremely vague west of Barter 

 Island, and savors of the fabulous almost as much a-t the Point Barrow stories about the eastern natives. 

 The evidence which leads Fr. Petitot to believe -Xate povik&quot; to be St. Michaels is rather peculiar. 

 The Mackenzie natives call the people who arc nearest to Xate povik on the north &quot;the Sedentary.&quot; 

 Now, the people who live nearest to St. Michaels on the north are the &quot;Sedentary American Tchu- 

 katchis (!); therefore Nato povik is probably St. Michaels. (&quot;I,e nom \altpomk semble couvenir 4 

 I aucieii fort russe Michaelowski, en ce quo la trib:i innok la plus voisine de ce posto, vcrs le nord, est 

 desiguee par nos Tchiglit sous le nom d Apkivam-meiit on de Sedcntaires; or telle est la position 

 gtographiquo qui convient aux sedentaires Tchukatches americains, dont la limite la plus septcn- 

 trionale, selon le capitaino Beechey, est la pointe Barrow.&quot;) A slight acquaintance with the work of 

 of Ball and other modern explorers m this region would have saved Fr. Petitot from this and some 

 other errors. 



* See Wrangell, Narrative of an Expedition, etc., p. 58. The Russians lien- [at Kolymsk, 1820] 

 smoke in the manner common to all the people of northern Asia; they draw in the tobacco smoke 

 swallow it, and allow it to escape again by the nose and ears ( !).&quot; The tobacco is said to be mixed 

 with finely powdered larch wood, to make it go further&quot; (ibid.). Sec also Hooper. Tents, etc. : &quot;Gen 

 erally, I believe, about one-third part of wood is used &quot; (pp. 176 and 177: and Nordenskidld, Vega vol. 

 2, p. 116.) 



1 Vega. vol. 2, p. 116. 



4 See also Petitot, Monographic, etc.-, p. xxix. 



See Beechey, Voyage, p. 323; T. Simpson, Narrative, p. 156 &quot; tobacco, which * .* * they call 

 tawac, or tawfikh, a name acquired of course from Russian trailers;&quot; Hooper, Tents, etc., p. 239; also 

 Maguire and J. Simpson, loc. cit. passim. Petitot calls ta wak &quot;mot franc. ii- corrompu &quot;! 



