THE INNER TISSUES OF ANIMALS. 359 



which fly but little, have not dwindled to any great extent, 

 has been thought a fact at variance with the conclusion that 

 functionally-produced adaptations are inheritable. It has 

 been argued that if parts which are exercised increase, not 

 only in the individual but in the race, while parts which 

 become less active decrease ; then a notable difference of size 

 should exist between the muscles used for flight in birds that 

 fly much, and those in birds of an allied kind that fly little. 

 But, as we here see, this is not the true implication. The 

 change in such cases must be chiefly in vascularity and abun 

 dance of contractile substance ; and cannot be, to any great 

 extent, in bulk. For a bird to fly at all, its pectoral muscles, 

 bones of attachment, and all accompanying appliances, must 

 be kept up to a certain level of power. If the parts dwindle 

 much, the creature will be unable to lift itself from the 

 ground. Bearing in mind that the force which a bird ex 

 pends to sustain itself in the air during each successive instant 

 of a short flight, is, other things equal, the same as it ex 

 pends in each successive instant of a long flight, we shall see 

 that the muscles employed in the two cases must have some 

 thing like equal intensities of contractile power ; and that the 

 tructural differences between them must have relation mainly 

 to the lengths of time during which they can continue to re 

 peat contractions of like intensity. That is to sav, while the 

 power of flight is retained at all, the muscles and bones can 

 not greatly dwindle; but the dwindling, in birds whose flights 

 are short or infrequent or both, will be in the reserve stock 

 of the substance that is incapacitated by action, or in the 

 appliances that keep the apparatus in repair, or in both. 

 Only where, as in the strut hious birds, the habit of flight is 

 lost, can we expect atrophy of all the parts concerned in 

 flight ; and here we find it. 



Are such differentiations among the muscles functionally 

 produced ? or are they produced by the natural selection of 

 variations distinguished as spontaneous ? We have, I think, 

 good grounds for concluding that they are functionally pro- 



