CHAPTER XL 



LOCAL GOVERNING AGENCIES. 



507. This title is needed because the classes of facts to 

 &quot;be here dealt with, cover a wider area than those comprehended 

 under the title &quot; Local Governments.&quot; 



We have to deal with two kinds of appliances for control, 

 originally one but gradually becoming distinguished. Alike 

 among peoples characterized by the reckoning of kinship 

 through females, and among peoples characterized by descent 

 of property and power through males, the regulative system 

 based on blood-relationship is liable to be involved with, and 

 subordinated by, a regulative system originating from military 

 leadership. Authority established by triumph in war, not 

 ^infrequently comes into conflict with authority derived from 

 the law of succession, when this has become partially settled, 

 and initiates a differentiation of political headship from family 

 headship. We have seen that, from primitive stages upwards, 

 the principle of efficiency and the principle of inheritance are 

 both at work in determining men s social positions; and where, 

 as happens in many cases, a war-chief is appointed when the 

 occasion arises, notwithstanding the existence of a chief of 

 acknowledged legitimacy, there is a tendency for transmitted 

 power to be over-ridden by power derived from capacity. 

 From the beginning, then, there is apt to grow up a species of 

 government distinct from family-government ; and the apti 

 tude takes effect where many family-groups, becoming united, 



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