LOCAL GOVERNING AGENCIES. 463 



making groups responsible for their members, the clan-divi 

 sions are not acknowledged by the government, but only the 

 tythings and hundreds : the implication being that these last 

 were results of political organization as distinguished from 

 family-organization. In parts of Japan, too, &quot; there is a sort of 

 subordinate system of wards, and heads of tens and hundreds, 

 in the Otonos of towns and villages, severally and collectively 

 responsible for each other s good conduct.&quot; We have seen 

 that in Kome, the groupings into hundreds and tens, civil 

 as well as military, became political substitutes for the 

 gentile groupings. Under the Frankish law, &quot; the tything- 

 man is Decanus, the hundred-man Centenarius ; &quot; and what 

 ever may have been their indigenous names, divisions into 

 tens and hundreds appear to have had (judging from the state 

 ments of Tacitus) an independent origin among the Germanic 

 races. 



And now remembering that these hundreds and tythings, 

 formed within the marks or other large divisions, still 

 answered in considerable degrees to groups based on kinship 

 (since the heads of families of which they were constituted as 

 local groups, were ordinarily closer akin to one another 

 than to the heads of families similarly grouped in other parts 

 of the mark), we go on to observe that there survived in 

 them, or were re-developed in them, the family-organization, 

 rights, and obligations. I do not mean merely that by 

 their hundred-moots, &c., they had their internal administra 

 tions ; but I mean chiefly that they became groups which 

 had towards other groups the same joint claims and duties 

 which family-groups had. responsibility for its members, 

 previously attaching exclusively to the cluster of kindred 

 irrespective of locality, was in a large measure transferred to 

 the local cluster formed but partially of kindred. For this 

 transfer of responsibility an obvious cause arose as the 

 gentes and tribes spread and became mingled. While the 

 family-community was small and closely aggregated, an offence 

 committed by one of its members against another such com - 



