466 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



dressers.&quot; Then of the Greeks, Hermann tell us that various 

 arts and professions were 



&quot; peculiar to certain families, whose claims to an exclusive exercise of 

 them generally ascended to a fabulous origin. We moreover find 

 pupil and son for many successive generations designated by the same 

 term ; and closely connected with the exclusiveness and monopoly of 

 many professions, is the little respect in which they were, in some 

 instances, held by the rest of the people : a circumstance which Greek 

 authors themselves compare with the prejudice of caste prevalent among 

 other nations.&quot; 



China, as at present existing, yields evidence : 



&quot; The popular associations in cities and towns are chiefly based upon a 

 community of interests, resulting either from a similarity of occupation, 

 when the leading persons of the same calling form themselves into 

 guilds, or from the municipal regulations requiring the householders 

 living in the same street to unite to maintain a police, and keep the 

 peace of their division. Each guild has an assembly-hall, where its 

 members meet to hold the festival of their patron saint.&quot; 



And, as I learn from the Japanese minister, a kindred state of 

 things once existed in Japan. Children habitually followed 

 the occupations of their parents ; in course of generations 

 there resulted clusters of relatives engaged in the same trade ; 

 and these clusters developed regulative arrangements within 

 themselves. Whether the fact that in Japan, as in the East 

 generally, the clustering of traders of one kind in the same 

 street, arises from the original clustering of the similarly- 

 occupied kindred, I find no evidence; but since, in early 

 times, mutual protection of the members of a trading kindred, 

 as of other kindred, was needful, this seems probable. Fur 

 ther evidence of like meaning may be disentangled from the 

 involved phenomena of caste in India. In &quot;No. CXLII of 

 the Calcutta Itevieiv, in an interesting essay by Jogendra 

 Chandra Ghosh, caste is regarded as &quot; a natural development 

 of the Indian village-communities ; &quot; as &quot; distinguished not 

 only by the autonomy of each guild,&quot; &quot; but by the mutual 

 relations between these autonomous guilds ; &quot; and as being 

 so internally organized &quot; that caste government does not 

 recognize the finding or the verdict of any court other than 



