LOCAL GOVERNING AGENCIE& 471 



dependence, and end in being provincial agents first partially- 

 conquered chiefs paying tribute ; then fully-conquered chiefs 

 governing under command ; then local governors who are 

 appointed by the central governor and hold power under 

 approval : becoming eventually executive officers. 



There is habitually a kinship in character between the 

 controlling systems of the parts and the controlling system 

 of the whole (assuming unity of race), consequent on the 

 fact that both are ultimately products of the same individual 

 nature. With a central despotism there goes local despotic 

 rule ; with a freer form of the major government there goes 

 a freer form of the minor governments ; and a change either 

 way in the one is followed by a kindred change in the 

 other. 



While, with the compounding of small societies into large 

 ones, the political ruling agencies which develop locally as 

 well as generally, become separate from, and predominant 

 over, the ruling agencies of family-origin, these last do not 

 disappear ; but, surviving in their first forms, also give 

 origin to differentiated forms. The assemblage of kindred long 

 continues to have a qualified semi-political autonomy, with 

 internal government and external obligations and claims. 

 And while family-clusters, losing their definiteness by inter 

 fusion, slowly lose their traits as separate independent 

 societies, there descend from them clusters which, in some 

 cases united chiefly by locality and in others chiefly by 

 occupation, inherit their traits, and constitute governing 

 agencies supplementing the purely political ones. 



It may be added that these supplementary governing 

 agencies, proper to the militant type of society, dissolve aa 

 the industrial type begins to predominate. Defending their 

 members, held responsible for the transgressions of their 

 members, and exercising coercion over their members, they 

 are made needful by, and bear the traits of, a regime of 

 chronic antagonisms ; and as these die away their raison 

 d etre disappears. Moreover, artificially restricting, as they 



