CHAPTER XII. 

 MILITARY SYSTEMS. 



515. Indirectly, much has already been said concerning 

 the subject now to be dealt with. Originally identical as is 

 the political organization with the military organization, it 

 has been impossible to treat of the first without touching on 

 the second. After exhibiting the facts under one aspect we 

 have here to exhibit another aspect of them ; and at the same 

 time to bring into view classes of related facts thus far unob 

 served. But, first, let us dwell a moment on the alleged 

 original identity. 



In rude societies all adult males are warriors ; and, conse 

 quently, the army is the mobilized community, and the com 

 munity is the army at rest, as was remarked in 259. 



With this general truth we may join the general truth 

 that the primitive military gathering is also the primitive poli 

 tical gathering. Alike in savage tribes and in communities 

 like those of our rude ancestors, the assemblies which are 

 summoned for purposes of defence and offence, are the 

 assemblies in which public questions at large are decided. 



Next stands the fact, so often named, that in the normal 

 course of social evolution, the military head grows into the 

 political head. This double character of leading warrior and 

 civil ruler, early arising, ordinarily continues through long 

 etages ; and where, as not unfrequently happens, military 

 headship becomes in a measure separated from political 



