POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



headship, continued warfare is apt to cause a re-identifi 

 cation of them. 



As societies become compounded and re- compounded, coin 

 cidence of military authority with political authority is shown 

 in detail as well as in general in the parts as in the whole. 

 The minor war-chiefs are also minor civil rulers in their 

 several localities; and the commanding of their respective 

 groups of soldiers in the field, is of like nature with the 

 governing of their respective groups of dependents at home. 



Once more, there is the general fact that the economic 

 organizations of primitive communities, coincide with their 

 military organizations. In savage tribes war and hunting 

 are carried on by the same men ; while their wives (and their 

 slaves where they have any) do the drudgery of domestic 

 life. And, similarly, in rude societies that have become 

 settled, the military unit and the economic unit are the same. 

 The soldier is also the landowner. 



Such, then, being the primitive identity of the political 

 organization with military organization, we have in this 

 chapter to note the ways in which the two differentiate. 



516. We may most conveniently initiate the inquiry by 

 observing the change which, during social evolution, takes 

 place in the incidence of military obligations ; and by recog 

 nizing the accompanying separation of the fighting body from 

 the rest of the community. 



Though there are some tribes in which military service 

 (for aggressive war at any rate) is not compulsory, as the 

 Coinanches, Dakotas ; Chippewas, whose war-chiefs go about 

 enlisting volunteers for their expeditions ; yet habitually where 

 political subordination is established, every man not privately 

 possessed as a chattel is bound to fight when called on. There 

 have been, and are, some societies of considerably- advanced 

 structures in which this state of things continues. In ancient 

 Peru the common men were all either actually in the army 

 or formed a reserve occupied in labour ; and in modern Siam 



