MILITARY SYSTEMS. 475 



the people &quot; are all soldiers, and owe six months service 

 yearly to their prince.&quot; But, usually, social progress is accom 

 panied by a narrowed incidence of military obligation. 



When the enslavement of captives is followed by the rear* 

 ing of their children as slaves, as well as by the consigning 

 of criminals and debtors to slavery when, as in some cases, 

 there is joined with the slave-class a serf-class composed of 

 subjugated people not detached from their homes ; the com 

 munity becomes divided into two parts, on one of which only 

 does military duty fall. Whereas, in previous stages, the 

 division of the whole society had been into men as fighters 

 and women as workers, the division of workers now begins to 

 include men ; and these continue to form an increasing part 

 of the total male population. Though we are told that in 

 Ashantee (where everyone is in fact owned by the king) the 

 slave-population &quot; principally constitutes the military force,&quot; 

 and that in Kabbah (among the Fulahs) the army is com 

 posed of slaves liberated &quot; on consideration of their taking up 

 arms ;&quot; yet, generally, those in bondage are not liable to mili 

 tary service : the causes being partly distrust of them (as was 

 shown among the Spartans when forced to employ the helots) 

 partly contempt for them as defeated men or the offspring of 

 defeated men, and partly a desire to devolve on others, labours 

 at once necessary and repugnant. Causes aside, however, the 

 evidence proves that the army at this early stage usually 

 coincides with the body of freemen ; who are also the body 

 of landowners. This, as before shown in 458, was the 

 case in Egypt, Greece, Koine, and Germany. How natural 

 is this incidence of military obligation, we see in the facts 

 that in ancient Japan and medieval India, there were 

 systems of military tenure like that of the middle ages in 

 Europe ; and that a kindred connexion had arisen even in 

 societies like those of Tahiti and Samoa. 



Extent of estate being a measure of its owner s ability 

 to bear burdens, there grows up a connexion between 

 the amount of land held and the amount of military aid 



