4SO POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



which tend to differentiate it in a further way. The first of 

 these to be noted is the parting of military headship from 

 political headship. 



We have seen that the commencement of social organization 

 is the growth of the leading warrior into the civil governor. 

 To illustrative facts before named may be added the fact 

 that an old English ruler, as instance Hengist, was originally 

 called &quot; Here-toga &quot;literally army-leader ; and the office 

 developed into that of king only after settlement in Britain. 

 But with establishment of hereditary succession to political 

 headship, there comes into play an influence which tends to 

 make the chief of the State distinct from the chief of the 

 army. That antagonism between the principle of inheritance 

 and the principle of efficiency, everywhere at work, has from 

 the beginning been conspicuous in this relation, because of 

 the imperative need for efficient generalship. Often, as shown 

 in 473, there is an endeavour to unite the two qualifications ; 

 as, for example, in ancient Mexico, where the king, before being 

 crowned, had to fill successfully the position of commander- 

 in-chief. But from quite early stages we find that where 

 hereditary succession has been established, and there does not 

 happen to be inheritance of military capacity along with 

 political supremacy, it is common for headship of the warriors 

 to become a separate post filled by election. Says Waitz, 

 &quot; among the Guaranis the chieftainship generally goes from 

 father to first-born son. The leader in war is, however, 

 elected.&quot; In Ancient Nicaragua &quot; the war-chief was elected 

 by the warriors to lead them, on account of his ability and 

 bravery in battle ; but the civil or hereditary chief often 

 accompanies the army.&quot; Of the New Zealanders we read 

 that &quot; hereditary chiefs were generally the leaders,&quot; but not 

 always: others being chosen on account of bravery. And 

 among the Sakarran Dyaks there is a war chief, in addition 

 to the ordinary chief. In the case of the Bedouins the original 

 motive has been defeated in a curious way. 

 &quot; During a campaign in actual warfare, the authority of the sheikh 



