MILITARY SYSTEMS. 485 



contrasts in weapons due to contrasts in wealth, had not 

 yet resulted in differently-armed bodies, such as are formed 

 at later stages with decreasing regard for tribal or local divi 

 sions. And it was so in Western Europe during times when 

 each feudal superior led his own knights, and his followers of 

 inferior grades and weapons. Though within each group there 

 were men differing alike in their rank and in their arms, yet 

 what we may call the vertical divisions between groups were 

 not traversed by those horizontal divisions throughout the 

 whole army, which unite all who are similarly armed. This 

 wider segregation it is, however, which we observe taking 

 place with the advance of military organization. The supre 

 macy acquired by the Spartans was largely due to the fact 

 that Lykurgus &quot; established military divisions quite distinct 

 from the civil divisions, whereas in the other states of Greece, 

 until a, period much later . . . the two were confounded 

 the hoplites or horsemen of the same tribe or ward being 

 marshalled together on the field of battle.&quot; With the pro 

 gress of the Eoman arms there occurred kindred changes. 

 The divisions came to be related less to rank as dependent 

 on tribal organization, and more to social position as deter 

 mined by property ; so that the kinds of arms to be borne 

 and the services to be rendered, were regulated by the sizes 

 of estates, with the result of &quot; merging all distinctions of a 

 gentile and local nature in the one common levy of the com 

 munity.&quot; In the field, divisions so established stood thus : 

 u The four first ranks of each phalanx were formed of the full-armed 

 hoplites of the first class, the holders of an entire hide [?] ; in the fifth 

 and sixth were placed the less completely equipped farmers of the second 

 and third class ; the two last classes were annexed as rear ranks to the 

 phalanx. 



And though political distinctions of clan-origin were not 

 thus directly disregarded in the cavalry, yet they were in 

 directly interfered with by the addition of a larger troop of 

 non-burgess cavalry. That a system of divisions which tends 

 to obliterate those of rank and locality, has been reproduced 



