486 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



during the re-development of military organization in modern 

 times, is a familiar fact. 



A concomitant cause of this change has all along been 

 that interfusion of the gentile and tribal groups entailed by 

 aggregation of large numbers. As before pointed out, tho 

 Kleisthenian re-organization in Attica, and the Servian re 

 organization in Rome, were largely determined by the im 

 practicability of maintaining the correspondence between 

 tribal divisions and military obligations ; and a redistribution 

 of military obligations naturally proceeded on a numerical 

 basis. By various peoples, we find this step in organization 

 taken for civil purposes or military purposes, or both. To 

 cases named in 512, may be added that of the Hebrews, 

 who were grouped into tens, fifties, hundreds and thousands. 

 Even the barbarous Araucanians divided themselves into 

 regiments of a thousand, sub-divided into companies of a 

 hundred. Evidently numerical grouping conspires with 

 classing by arms to obliterate the primitive divisions. 



This transition from the state of incoherent clusters, each 

 having its own rude organization, to the state of a coherent 

 whole, held together by an elaborate organization running 

 throughout it, of course implies a concomitant progress in 

 the centralization of command. As the primitive horde 

 becomes more efficient for war in proportion as its members 

 grow obedient to the orders of its chief; so, the army formed 

 of aggregated hordes becomes more efficient in proportion as 

 the chiefs of the hordes fall under the power of one supreme 

 chief. And the above-described transition from aggregated 

 tribal and local groups to an army formed of regular 

 divisions and sub- divisions, goes along with the development 

 of grades of commanders, successively subordinated one to 

 another. A controlling system of this kind is developed 

 by the uncivilized, where considerable military efficiency has 

 been reached ; as at present among the Araucanians, the 

 Zulus, the Uganda people, who have severally three grades of 

 officers ; as in the past among the ancient Peruvians and 



