MILITARY SYSTEMS. 489 



number continuously so adding to the original nucleus of a 

 permanent armed force. Every further increase of royal 

 power, increasing the ability to raise money, furthers this 

 differentiation. As Eanke remarks of France, &quot;standing 

 armies, imposts, and loans, all originated together.&quot; 



Of course the primitive military obligation falling on all 

 freemen, long continues to be shown in modified ways. 

 Among ourselves, for instance, there were the various laws 

 under which men were bound, according to their incomes, to 

 have in readiness specified supplies of horses, weapons, and 

 accoutrements, for themselves and others when demanded. 

 Afterwards came the rnilitia-laws, under which there 

 fell on men in proportion to their means, the obligations 

 to provide duly armed horse-soldiers or foot-soldiers, per 

 sonally or by substitute, to be called out for exercise at 

 specified intervals for specified numbers of days, and to be 

 provided with subsistence. There may be instanced, again, 

 such laws as those under which in France, in the 15th cen 

 tury, a corps of horsemen was formed by requiring all the 

 parishes to furnish one each. And there are the various more 

 modern forms of conscription, used, now to raise temporary 

 forces, and now to maintain a permanent army. Everywhere, 

 indeed, freemen remain potential soldiers when not actual 

 soldiers. 



521. Setting out with that undifferentiated state of the 

 body politic in which the army is co-extensive with the 

 avlult y:.ale population, we thus observe several ways in 

 which there goes on the evolution which makes it a 

 specialized part. 



There is the restriction in relative mass, which, first seen 

 in the growth of a slave-population, engaged in work instead 

 of war, becomes more decided as a settled agricultural life 

 occupies freemen, and increases the obstacles to military 

 service. There is, again, the restriction caused by that 

 growing costliness of the individual soldier accompanying 



