490 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



the development of arms, accoutrements, and ancillary ap 

 pliances of warfare. And there is the yet additional restric 

 tion caused by the intenser strain which military action puts 

 on the resources of a nation, in proportion as it is carried 

 on at a greater distance. 



With separation of the righting body from the body-politic 

 at large, there very generally goes acquirement of a sepa 

 rate head. Active militancy ever tends to maintain union 

 of civil rule with military rule, and often causes re-union of 

 them where they have become separate; but with the 

 primary differentiation of civil from military structures, is 

 commonly associated a tendency to the rise of distinct con 

 trolling centres for them. This tendency, often defeated by 

 usurpation where wars are frequent, takes effect under oppo 

 site conditions ; and then produces a military head subordi 

 nate to the civil head. 



While the whole society is being developed by differen 

 tiation of the army from the rest, there goes on a develop 

 ment within the army itself. As in the primitive horde th^ 

 progress is from the uncombined fighting of individuals to 

 combined fighting under direction of a chief; so, on a larger 

 scale, when small societies are united into great ones, the 

 progress is from the independent fighting of tribal and local 

 groups, to fighting under direction of a general commander. 

 And to effect a centralized control, there arises a graduated 

 system of officers, replacing the set of primitive heads of 

 groups, and a system of divisions which, traversing the 

 original divisions of groups, establish regularly-organized 

 masses having different functions. 



With developed structure of the fighting body comes per 

 manence of it. While, as in early times, men are gathered 

 together for small wars and then again dispersed, efficient 

 organization of them is impracticable. It becomes practicable 

 only among men who are constantly kept together by wars 

 or preparations for wars ; and bodies of such men growing up, 

 replace the temporarily-summoned bodies. 



