512 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



the society enlarges and complicates, is officered &quot;by the 

 sacerdotal class, or the military class, or partly the one and 

 partly the other: their respective shares being apparently 

 dependent on the ratio &quot;between the degree of conscious 

 subordination to the human ruler and the degree of conscious 

 subordination to the divine ruler, whose will the priests are 

 supposed to communicate. But with the progress of indus 

 trialism and the rise of a class which, acquiring property and 

 knowledge, gains consequent influence, the judicial system 

 comes to be largely, and at length chiefly, officered by men 

 derived from this class ; and these men become distinguished 

 from their predecessors not only as being of other origin, 

 but also as being exclusively devoted to judicial functions. 



While there go on changes of this kind, there go on 

 changes by which the originally-simple and comparatively- 

 uniform judicial system, is rendered increasingly complex. 

 Where, as in ordinary cases, there has gone along with 

 achievement of supremacy by the king, a monopolizing 

 of judicial authority by him, press of business presently 

 obliges him to appoint others to try causes and give judg 

 ments : subject of course to his approval. Already his court, 

 originally formed of himself, his chief men, and the sur 

 rounding people, has become supreme over courts constituted 

 in analogous ways of local magnates and their inferiors so 

 initiating a differentiation ; and now by delegating certain of 

 his servants or assessors, at first with temporary commissions 

 to hear appeals locally, and then as permanent itinerant judges, 

 a further differentiation is produced. And to this are added 

 yet further differentiations, kindred in nature, by which other 

 assessors of his court are changed into the heads of 

 specialized courts, which divide its business among them. 

 Though this particular course has been taken in but a single 

 case, yet it serves to exemplify the general principle under 

 which, in one way or other, there arises out of the primitive 

 simple judicial body, a centralized and heterogeneous judicial 

 organization. 



