REVENUE. 561 



naznr, a present. . . . This has now become so regulated that 

 every one is on these days [festivals] obliged to give from a 

 10th to a 12th of his monthly pay. . . . The name of each is 

 read from a list, and the amount of his nazar is marked 

 down : those that are absent will have the sum deducted 

 from their pay.&quot; Traces of a like transition are seen in tho 

 fact that in ancient times crowns of gold, beginning as 

 gifts made by dependent states to Eastern rulers, and by 

 Roman provinces to generals or pro-consuls, became sums of 

 money demanded as of right ; and again in the fact that in 

 our own early history, we read of &quot;exactions called benevo 

 lences.&quot; 



Similarly with the labour which, at first voluntarily given 

 to the chief, comes, as his power grows, to be compulsory. 

 Here are some illustrations showing stages in the transition. 

 A Kafir chief &quot; summons the people to cultivate his gardens, reap hia 

 crops, and make his fences ; but in this, as in other respects, he has to 

 consult the popular will, and hence the manual labour required by 

 the chiefs has always been of very limited duration.&quot; 



In the Sandwich Islands, &quot; when a chief wants a house, he requires 

 the labour of all who hold lands under him. . . . Each division of the 

 people has a part of the house allotted by the chief in proportion to its 

 number.&quot; 



In ancient Mexico &quot; the personal and common service which fur 

 nished the water and wood required every day in the houses of the 

 chiefs, was distributed from day to day among the villages and quar 

 ters.&quot; 



It was the same in Yucatan : &quot; the whole community did the sowing 

 for the lord, looked after the seed, and harvested what was required 

 for him and his house.&quot; 



So in the adjacent regions of Guatemala and San Salvador, 

 &quot; the tribute was paid by means of the cultivation of estates.&quot; 

 And in Madagascar &quot; the whole population is liable to be 

 rmployed on government work, without remuneration, and 

 for any length of time.&quot; 



Occurring among peoples unallied in blood and unlike in 

 their stages of civilization, these facts show the natural 

 growing up of a forced labour system such as that which 

 existed iuring feudal times throughout Europe, when labour 



