REVENUE. 567 



increasing his demands of established kinds and for making 

 new ones. Under stress of the alleged needs, portions of 

 their goods are taken from subjects whenever they are ex 

 posed to view for purposes of exchange. And as the primitive 

 presents of property and labour, once voluntary and variable, 

 but becoming compulsory and periodic, are eventually com 

 muted into direct taxes ; so these portions of the trader s 

 goods which were originally given for permission to trade and 

 then seized as of right, come eventually to be transformed 

 into percentages of value paid as tolls and duties. 



But to the last as at first, and under free governments as 

 under despotic ones, war continues to be the usual reason for 

 imposing new taxes or increasing old ones ; at the same time 

 that the coercive organization in past times developed by 

 war, continues to be the means of exacting them. 



