572 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



private ends only when the tribe or nation has no need of 

 him ; and when it has need of him, his actions from hour to 

 hour must conform, not to his own will but to the public 

 will. 



So, too, with his property. Whether, as in many cases, 

 what he holds as private he so holds by permission only, or 

 whether private ownership is recognized, it remains true that 

 in the last resort he is obliged to surrender whatever la 

 demanded for the community s use. 



Briefly, then, under the militant type the individual is 

 owned by the State. While preservation of the society is the 

 primary end, preservation of each member is a secondary end 

 an end cared for chiefly as subserving the primary end. 



552. Fulfilment of these requirements, that there shall 

 be complete corporate action, that to this end the non-com 

 batant part shall be occupied in providing for the combatant 

 part, that the entire aggregate shall be strongly bound 

 together, and that the units composing it must have their 

 individualities in life, liberty, and property, thereby sub 

 ordinated, presupposes a coercive instrumentality. lS T o such 

 union for corporate action can be achieved without a power 

 ful controlling agency. On remembering the fatal results 

 caused by division of counsels in war, or by separation into 

 factions in face of an enemy, we see that chronic militancy 

 tends to develop a despotism ; since, other things equal, those 

 societies will habitually survive in which, by its aid, the 

 corporate action is made complete. 



And this involves a system of centralization. The trait 

 made familiar to us by an army, in which, under a com- 

 mander-in-chief there are secondary commanders over large 

 masses, and under these tertiary ones over smaller masses, 

 and so on down to the ultimate divisions, must characterize 

 the social organization at large. A militant society requires 

 a regulative structure of this kind, since, otherwise, its 



