THE MILITANT TYPE OF SOCIETY. 583 



yas carried on by its own craftsmen, and none changed from 

 one trade to another.&quot; How elaborate was the regimentation 

 may be judged from the detailed account of the staff of 

 officers and workers engaged in one of their vast quarries : 

 the numbers and kinds of functionaries paralleling those of 

 nn army. To support this highly-developed regulative organi* 

 ration, civil, military, and sacerdotal (an organization which 

 held exclusive possession of the land) the lower classes 

 laboured. &quot; Overseers were set over the wretched people, 

 who were urged to hard work more by the punishment of the 

 stick than words of warning.&quot; And whether or not official 

 oversight included domiciliary visits, it at any rate went to 

 the extent of taking note of each family. &quot; Every man was 

 required under pain of death to give an account to the magis 

 trate of how he earned his livelihood.&quot; 



Take, now, another ancient society, which, strongly con 

 trasted in sundry respects, shows us, along with habitual mili 

 tancy, the assumption of structural traits allied in their 

 fundamental characters to those thus far observed. I refer 

 to Sparta. That warfare did not among the Spartans evolve 

 a single despotic head, while in part due to causes which, as 

 before shown, favour the development of compound political 

 1 leads, was largely due to the accident of their double king 

 ship : the presence of two divinely-descended chiefs pre 

 vented the concentration of power. But though from this 

 cause there continued an imperfectly centralized government, 

 the relation of this government to members of the community 

 was substantially like that of militant governments in general. 

 Notwithstanding the serfdom, and in towns the slavery, oi 

 the Helots, and notwithstanding the political subordination 

 of the Perioeki, they all, in common with the Spartans proper, 

 were under obligation to military service : the working func 

 tion of the first, and the trading function, so far as it existed, 

 which was carried on by the second, were subordinate to the 

 militant function, with which the third was exclusively occu 

 pied. And the civil divisions thus marked re-appeared in 



