THE MILITANT TYPE OF SOCIETY. 585 



as formerly, for a single campaign, but for long years,&quot; they 

 became &quot; servants of the State, without privileges, without 

 dignity, subjected to corporal punishment, and burdened with 

 onerous duties from which there was no escape.&quot; &quot;Any 

 noble who refused to serve [ the State in the Army, the 

 Fleet, or the Civil Administration, from boyhood to old age, ] 

 was not only deprived of his estate, as in the old times, but 

 was declared to be a traitor, and might be condemned to 

 capital punishment.&quot; &quot; Under Peter/ says Wallace, &quot; all 

 offices, civil and military,&quot; were &quot; arranged in fourteen classes 

 or ranks ;&quot; and he &quot; denned the obligations of each with 

 microscopic minuteness. After his death the work was 

 carried on in the same spirit, and the tendency reached its 

 climax in the reign of Nicholas.&quot; In the words of De Custine, 

 &quot; the tchinn [the name for this organization] is a nation 

 formed into a regiment ; it is the military system applied to 

 all classes of society, even to those who never go to war.&quot; 

 With this universal regimentation in structure went a regi 

 mental discipline. The conduct of life was dictated to the 

 citizens at large in the same way as to soldiers. In the reign 

 of Peter and his successors, domestic entertainments were 

 appointed and regulated ; the people were compelled to change 

 their costumes ; the clergy to cut off their beards ; and even 

 the harnessing of horses was according to pattern. Occupa 

 tions were controlled to the extent that &quot; no boyard could 

 enter any profession, or forsake it when embraced, or retire 

 from public to private life, or dispose of his property, or travel 

 into any foreign country, without the permission of the Czar.&quot; 

 This omnipresent rule is well expressed in the close of 

 certain rhymes, for which a military officer was sent to 

 Siberia : 



&quot; Tout se fait par ukase ici ; 



C est par ukase que Ton voyage, 



C est par ukase que Ton rit.&quot; 



Taking thus the existing barbarous society of Dahomej, 

 formed of negroes, the extinct semi-civilized empire of tho 



