

THE MILITANT TYPE OF SOCIETY. 587 



further traits which characterize the militant type in its 

 developed form. Practically, if not nominally, the other 

 powers of the State were absorbed by him. In the words of 

 Duruy, he had 



&quot; The right of proposing, that is, of making laws ; of receiving and 

 trying appeals, i.e. the supreme jurisdiction ; of arresting by the tribu- 

 nitiari veto every measure and every sentence, i.e. of putting his will in 

 opposition to the laws and magistrates ; of summoning the senate or the 

 people and presiding over it, i.e. of directing the electoral assemblies as 

 he thought fit. And these prerogatives he will have not for a single 

 year but for life ; not in Home only . . . but throughout the empire ; 

 not shared with ten colleagues, but exercised by himself alone ; lastly, 

 without any account to render, since he never resigns his office.&quot; 



Along with these changes went an increase in the number 

 and definiteness of social divisions. The Emperor 



&quot; Placed between himself and the masses a multitude of people regu 

 larly classed by categories, and piled one above the other in such a way 

 that this hierarchy, pressing with all its weight upon the masses under 

 neath, held the people and factious individuals powerless. What 

 remained of the old patrician nobility had the foremost rank in the city; 

 . . . below it came the senatorial nobility, half hereditary ; below that 

 the moneyed nobility or equestrian order three aristocracies super 

 posed. . . . The sons of senators formed a class intermediate between 

 the senatorial and the equestrian order. ... In the 2nd century the 

 senatorial families formed an hereditary nobility with privileges.&quot; 



At the same time the administrative organization was greatly 

 extended and complicated. 



&quot; Augustus created a large number of new offices, as the superintend 

 ence of public works, roads, aqueducts, the Tiber-bed, distribution of 

 corn to the people. ... He also created numerous offices of procurators 

 for the financial administration of the empire, and in Home there were 

 1,060 municipal officers.&quot; 



The structural character proper to an army spread in a double 

 ivay : military officers acquired civil functions and function 

 aries of a civil kind became partially military. The magis 

 trates appointed by the Emperor, tending to replace those 

 appointed by the people, had, along with their civil authority, 

 military authority ; and while &quot; under Augustus the prefects 

 of the pretorium were only military chiefs, . . . they gradually 

 possessed themselves of the whole civil authority, and finally 



