588 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



became, after the Emperor, the first personages in the empire.&quot; 

 Moreover, the governmental structures grew by incorporating 

 bodies of functionaries who were before independent. &quot; In 

 his ardour to organize everything, he aimed at regimenting 

 the law itself, and made an official magistracy of that which 

 had always been a free profession.&quot; To enforce the rule of 

 this extended administration, the army was made permanent, 

 and subjected to severe discipline. With the continued 

 growth of the regulating and coercing organization, the drafts 

 on producers increased ; and, as shown by extracts in a pre 

 vious chapter concerning the Roman regime in Egypt and in 

 Gaul, the working part of the community was reduced more 

 and more to the form of a permanent commissariat. In Italy 

 the condition eventually arrived at was one in which vast 

 tracts were &quot; intrusted to freedmen, whose only consideration 

 was . . . how to extract from their labourers the greatest 

 amount of work with the smallest quantity of food.&quot; 



An example under our immediate observation may next be 

 taken that of the German Empire. Such traits of the 

 militant type in Germany as were before manifest, have, 

 since the late war, become still more manifest. The army, 

 active and passive, including officers and attached function 

 aries, has been increased by about 100,000 men; and changes 

 in 1875 and 1880, making certain reserves more available, 

 have practically caused a further increase of like amount. 

 Moreover, the smaller German States, having in great part 

 surrendered ths administration of their several contingents, 

 the German army has become more consolidated ; and even 

 f he armies of Saxony, Wiirtemberg, and Bavaria, being sub 

 ject to Imperial supervision, have in so far ceased to be in 

 dependent. Instead of each year granting military supplios, 

 as had been the practice in Prussia before the formation of 

 the North German Confederation, the Parliament of the 

 Empire was, in 1871, induced to vote the required annual 

 sum for three years thereafter ; in 1874 it did the like for the 

 succeeding seven years ; and again in 1880 the greatly 



