590 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



life. On the one hand there are the laws under which, up 

 to the middle of last year, 224 socialist societies have been 

 closed, 180 periodicals suppressed, 317 books, &c., forbidden; 

 and under which sundry places have been reduced to a 

 partial state of siege. On the other hand may be named 

 Prince Bismarck s scheme for re-establishing guilds (bodies 

 which by their regulations coerce their members), and hig 

 scheme of State-insurance, by the help of which the artizan 

 would, in a considerable degree, have his hands tied. Though 

 these measures have not been carried in the forms proposed, 

 yet the proposal of them sufficiently shows the general ten 

 dency. In all which changes we see progress towards a more 

 integrated structure, towards increase of the militant part as 

 compared with the industrial part, towards the replacing of 

 civil organization by military organization, towards the 

 strengthening of restraints over the individual and regulation 

 of his life in greater detail.* 



The remaining example to be named is that furnished by 

 our own society since the revival of military activity a 

 revival which has of late been so marked that our illustrated 

 papers are, week after week, occupied with little else than 

 scenes of warfare. Already in the first volume of Tke Prin 

 ciples of Sociology, I have pointed out many ways in which 

 the system of compulsory cooperation characterizing the 

 militant type, has been trenching on the system of voluntary 

 cooperation characterizing the industrial type ; and since 

 those passages appeared (July, 1876), other changes in the 

 same direction have taken place. Within the military 

 organization itself, we may note the increasing assimilation 

 of the volunteer forces to the regular army, now going to tho 

 extent of proposing to make them available abroad, so that 

 instead of defensive action for which they were created, they 



* This chapter was originally published in the Contemporary Review foi 

 Sept., 1881. Since that date a further movement of Grerman society in tho 

 same general direction has been shown by the pronounced absolutism of tha 

 imperial rescript of Jan., 1882, endorsing Prince Bismarck s scheme of State- 

 socialism. 



