598 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



si on could be shown, displayed great submission to an ap 

 pointed king, qualified only by expressions of opinion on 

 special occasions ; and the principle of absolute obedience, 

 slightly mitigated in the relations of the community as a 

 whole to its ruling agency, was unmitigated within its com 

 ponent groups. That throughout European history, alike on 

 small and on large scales, we see the sentiment of loyalty 

 dominant where the militant type of structure is pronounced, 

 is a truth that will be admitted without detailed proof. 



From these conspicuous traits of nature, let us turn to 

 certain consequent traits which are less conspicuous, and 

 which have results of less manifest kinds. Along with 

 loyalty naturally goes faith the two being, indeed, scarcely 

 separable. Readiness to obey the commander in war, implies 

 belief in his military abilities ; and readiness to obey him 

 during peace, implies belief that his abilities extend to civil 

 affairs also. Imposing on men s imaginations, each new con 

 quest augments his authority. There come more frequent 

 and more decided evidences of his regulative action over 

 men s lives ; and these generate the idea that his power is 

 boundless. Unlimited confidence in governmental agency is 

 fostered. Generations brought up under a system which con 

 trols all affairs, private and public, tacitly assume that affairs 

 can only thus be controlled. Those who have experience of 

 no other regime are unable to imagine any other regime. 

 In such societies as that of ancient Peru, for example, where, 

 as we have seen, regimental rule was universal, there were no 

 materials for framing the thought of an industrial life spon 

 taneously carried on and spontaneously regulated. 



By implication there results repression of individual initia 

 tive, and consequent lack of private enterprise. In propor 

 tion as an army becomes organized, it is reduced to a state in. 

 which the independent action of its members is forbidden. 

 And in proportion as regimentation pervades the society at 

 large, each member of it, directed or restrained at every turn, 

 has little or no power of conducting his business otherwise 



