GOO POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



impersonal agency. In the second place, it does the like by 

 direct repression of intellectual culture. Naturally a life 

 occupied in acquiring knowledge, like a life occupied in 

 industry, is regarded with contempt by a people devoted to 

 arms. The Spartans clearly exemplified this relation in ancient 

 times ; and it was again exemplified during feudal ages in 

 Europe, when learning was scorned as proper only for clerks 

 and the children of mean people. And obviously, in propor 

 tion as warlike activities are antagonistic to study and the 

 .spread of knowledge, they further retard that emancipation 

 from primitive ideas which ends in recognition of natural 

 uniformities. In the third place, and chiefly, the effect in 

 question is produced by the conspicuous and perpetual expe 

 rience of personal agency which the militant regime yields. 

 In the army, from the commander-in-chief down to the 

 private undergoing drill, every movement is directed by a 

 superior; and throughout the society, in proportion as its 

 regimentation is elaborate, things are hourly seen to go thus 

 or thus according to the regulating wills of the ruler and his 

 subordinates. In the interpretation of social affairs, personal 

 causation is consequently alone recognized. History comes 

 to be made up of the doings of remarkable men ; and it is 

 tacitly assumed that societies have been formed by them. 

 Wholly foreign to the habit of mind as is the thought of 

 impersonal causation, the course of social evolution is unper- 

 ceived. The natural genesis of social structures and functions 

 is an utterly alien conception, and appears absurd when 

 alleged. The notion of a self-regulating social process is 

 unintelligible. So that militancy moulds the citizen into a, 

 I orm not only morally adapted but intellectually adapted a 

 I jrm which cannot think away from the entailed system. 



561. In three ways, then, we are shown the character of 

 the militant type of social organization. Observe the con- 

 gruities which comparison of results discloses. 



Certain conditions, manifest a priori, have to be fulfilled by 



