602 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



development, there are fundamental similarities of the kinds 

 above inferred a priori. Modern Dahomey and Russia, as 

 well as ancient Peru, Egypt, and Sparta, exemplify that 

 owning of , the individual by the State in life, liberty, and 

 goods, which is proper to a social system adapted for war. 

 And that with changes further fitting a society for warlike 

 activities, there spread throughout it an officialism, a dictation, 

 and a superintendence, akin to those under which soldiers 

 live, we are shown by imperial Rome, by imperial Germany, 

 and by England since its late aggressive activities. 



Lastly comes the evidence furnished by the adapted cha 

 racters of the men who compose militant societies. Making 

 success in war the highest glory, they are led to identify good 

 ness with bravery and strength. Revenge becomes a sacred 

 duty with them ; and acting at home on the law of retaliation, 

 which they act on abroad, they similarly, at home as abroad, 

 are ready to sacrifice others to self : their sympathies, con 

 tinually deadened during war, cannot be active during peace. 

 They must have a patriotism which regards the triumph of 

 their society as the supreme end of action ; they must pos 

 sess the loyalty whence flows obedience to authority; and 

 that they may be obedient they must have abundant faith. 

 With faith in authority and consequent readiness to be 

 directed, naturally goes relatively little power of initiation. 

 The habit of seeing everything officially controlled fosters the 

 belief that official control is everywhere needful; while a course 

 of life which makes personal causation familiar and negatives 

 experience of impersonal causation, produces an inability to 

 conceive of any social processes as carried on under self- 

 regulating arrangements. And these traits of individual 

 nature, needful concomitants as we see of the militant type, 

 are those which we observe in the members of actual militant 

 societies. 



