606 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



giving one thing for another thing equivalent in value, but it 

 began by making a present and receiving a present in return; 

 and even now in the East there continue traces of this 

 primitive transaction. In Cairo the purchase of articles from 

 a shopkeeper is preceded by his offer of coffee and cigarettes; 

 and during the negotiation which ends in the engagement ot 

 a dahabeali, the dragoman brings gifts and expects to receive 

 them. Add to which that there exists under such conditions 

 none of that definite equivalence which characterizes ex 

 change among ourselves : prices are not fixed, but vary 

 widely with every fresh transaction. So that throughout our 

 interpretations we must keep in view the truth, that the 

 structures and functions proper to the industrial type dis 

 tinguish themselves but gradually from those proper to the 

 militant type. 



Having thus prepared the way, let us now consider what 

 are, a priori, the traits of that social organization which, 

 entirely unfitted for carrying on defence against external 

 enemies, is exclusively fitted for maintaining the life of the 

 society by subserving the lives of its units. As before in 

 treating of the militant type, so here in treating of the indus 

 trial type, we will consider first its ideal form. 



563. While corporate action is the primary requirement 

 in a society which has to preserve itself in presence of hostile 

 societies, conversely, in the absence of hostile societies, 

 corporate action is no longer the primary requirement. 



The continued existence of a society implies, first, that it 

 shall not be destroyed bodily by foreign foes, and implies, 

 second, that it shall not be destroyed in detail by failure ct 

 its members to support and propagate themselves. If danger 

 of destruction from the first cause ceases, there remains only 

 danger of destruction from the second cause. Sustentation 

 of the society will now be achieved by the self-sustentation 

 and multiplication of its units. If his own welfare and the 

 welfare of his offspring is fully achieved by each, the welfare 



