618 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. 



Difficulties meet us when, turning to civilized societies, wo 

 seek in them for traits of the industrial type. Consoli 

 dated and organized as they have all been by wars actively 

 carried on throughout the earlier periods of their existence, 

 and mostly continued down to recent times ; and having 

 simultaneously been developing within themselves organiza 

 tions for producing and distributing commodities, which have 

 little by little become contrasted with those proper to mili 

 tant activities ; the two are everywhere presented so mingled 

 that clear separation of the first from the last is, as said at 

 the outset, scarcely practicable. Radically opposed, however, 

 as is compulsory cooperation, the organizing principle of the 

 militant type, to voluntary cooperation, the organizing prin 

 ciple of the industrial type, we may, by observing the decline 

 of institutions exhibiting the one, recognize, by implication, 

 the growth of institutions exhibiting the other. Hence if, in 

 passing from the first states of civilized nations in which war 

 is the business of life, to states in which hostilities are but 

 occasional, we simultaneously pass to states in which the 

 ownership of the individual by his society is not so con 

 stantly and strenuously enforced, in which the subjection of 

 rank to rank is mitigated, in which political rule is no longer 

 autocratic, in which the regulation of citizens lives is dimi 

 nished in range and rigour, while the protection of them is 

 increased ; we are, by implication, shown the traits of a de 

 veloping industrial type. Comparisons of several kinds 

 disclose results which unite in verifying this truth. 



Take, first, the broad contrast between the early condition 

 of the more civilized European nations at large, and their 

 later condition. Setting out from the dissolution of the 

 Roman empire, we observe that for many centuries during 

 which conflicts were effecting consolidations, and dissolutions, 

 and re-consolidations in endless variety, such energies as 

 were not directly devoted to war were devoted to little else 

 than supporting the organizations which carried on war : the 

 working part of each community did not exist for its own 



