THE INDUSTRIAL TYPE OF SOCIETY. 619 



sake, but for the sake of the fighting part. While militancy 

 was thus high and industrialism undeveloped, the reign of 

 superior strength, continually being established by societies 

 one over another, was equally displayed within each society. 

 From slaves and serfs, through vassals of different grades up 

 to dukes and kings, there was an enforced subordination by 

 which the individualities of all were greatly restricted. And 

 at the same time that, to carry on external aggression or 

 resistance, the ruling power in each group sacrificed the 

 personal claims of its members, the function of defending its 

 members from one another was in but small degree discharged 

 by it : they were left to defend themselves. If with 



these traits of European societies in mediaeval times, we com 

 pare their traits in modern times, we see the following 

 essential differences. First, with the formation of nations 

 covering large areas, the perpetual wars within each area 

 have ceased ; and though the wars between nations which 

 from time to time occur are on larger scales, they are loss 

 frequent, and they are no longer the business of all freemen. 

 Second, there has grown up in each country a relatively large 

 population which carries on production and distribution for 

 its own maintenance ; so that whereas of old, the working 

 part existed for the benefit of the fighting part, now the 

 fighting part exists mainly for the benefit of the working 

 p ar t exists ostensibly to protect it in the quiet pursuit of 

 its ends. Third, the system of status, having under some of 

 its forms disappeared and under others become greatly miti 

 gated, has been almost universally replaced by the system of 

 contract. Only among those who, by choice or by conscrip 

 tion, are incorporated in the military organization, does the 

 system of status in its primitive rigour still hold so long 

 as they remain in this organization. Fourth, with this de 

 crease of compulsory cooperation and increase of voluntary 

 cooperation, there have diminished or ceased many minor 

 restraints over individual actions. Men are less tied to their 

 localities than they were ; they are not obliged to profess 



